The Importance Of Building A Strong Literary Foundation...

Starting Early by Susan Percy is an article that details the importance of building a strong literary foundation for children beginning as soon as possible. â€Å"Early childhood experience has a huge effect on your life later on†(Percy, 2014, p. 1), so it is vital to immerse children in a learning-rich environment. Emergent Literacy, also known as early literacy, â€Å"is a concept that supports learning to read in a positive home environment where children are in the process of becoming literate from birth† (Vacca, et al., 2015, p. 114). This concept works under the assumption that all children are constantly being engaged in reading and writing and that everyone is born with the ability and capability of learning how to read. The Article explains that children who grow up in an academically nurturing environment develop skills much faster than those who don’t. â€Å"Even in kindergarten you can tell if they’ve had a good quality pre-K program or been in a home or daycare center. It makes a difference if they’ve already had a lot of academic foundation.†(Percy, 2014, p. 2) Studies have shown that children learn more quickly when they receive constant interaction and support from the people around them. If a child is not being raised in an environment that is â€Å"language rich and filled with adult interactions with reading and writing for real purposes† (Vacca, et al., 2015, p. 114), then they may not be developing their literary skills as quickly as others who live inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Using the Power of both Phonics and Whole Language3365 Words   |  14 Pagesway to teach children how to read. â€Å"Simply stated, supporters of the whole language approach think childrens literature, writing activities, and communication activities can be used across the curriculum to teach reading; backers of phonics instruction insist that a direct, sequential mode of teaching enables students to master reading in an organized way† (Cromwell, 1997). 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Investment Taxation and Portfolio Performance

Question: Discuss about the Investment Taxation and Portfolio Performance. Answer: Introduction: As per the case study, it can be said that Fred is a inhabitant of Australia. It has been found that Fred does not control any trading business venture; rather the holiday home that was sold in the recent year was his property. It has also been implicated that Fred did not develop any revenue from the particular property previously. Calculations of Net Capital Gain or Loss The calculation of the net capital gain or loss for the individual name Fred has been calculated in the following table for the present fiscal period under both Discounted Methodology and Indexation Methodology (Wiseman 2016). Name of Taxpayer : Fred Type : Individual Calculation of Net Capital Gain/Loss for the period ending on 30th June,2016 Discounted Method Indexation Method Particulars Amount Amount Amount Amount $ $ $ $ a) Sale of Holiday Home : Consideration of sales 800000 800000 Less : Cost Base of the Asset 100000 148043 Legal Fees on Total sales (Exclusive of GST) 1000 1000 Commission regarding Real Estate Agent 9000 9000 Purchase Stamp Duty 2000 2961 Legal Fees for Purchasing 1000 1480 Construction Cost fo developing Garage 20000 133000 23853 186338 Capital Gain on Sale 667000 613662.3 Less : 50% exclusion on Capital Gain 333500 Capital Gain that is taxable (A) 333500 613662 Less : Capital Loss of Prior Year 10000 10000 Total Capital Gain that is taxable 323500 603662 Significant Observations It has been found from the case study that Fred occupied the property after September 20 in the year 1985, thus, it is counted as CGT assets and falls under taxable capital gain or loss calculation (Kaldor 2014). The particular property was attained prior to the period September 21st in the year 1999 (Davidson and Evans 2015). Thus, the various costs along with cost base that occurred during the time period in order to buy the property can be estimated under the methodology of indexation. Fred also constructed garage on the particular asset and thus it is counted as an extensive development. Thus, the cost for constructing the garage should also be occupied within the removable costs (Bryan 2012). The garage was constructed ahead of September 21st in the year 1999 and this can be assessed under the procedure of indexation. Opined to the regulations of Australian taxation, Fred can pertain any of the two procedures i.e. the methodology of indexation and the discounted procedure for the calculation of capital loss or gain (Sikes 2014). The reason behind this is that the particular property was attained prior to September 21st in the year 1999. The costs that took place for selling the assets should be exempted from the total sales deliberation in order to identify the net capital loss or gain. As per the discounted methodology, the tax provider gets an exemption of 50% on the total capital gain only if the property was purchased by the tax provider himself or herself only, for over 12 months (Yinger, Bloom and Boersch-Supan 2016). Here Fred attained the particular holiday home for long 19 years, thus, Fred can claim an exemption of 50% under the process of discounted methodology. The stocks are considered as other properties (for instance, real estate property). Thus, the total capital loss on sale of stocks in earlier period is adjustable in the present year with the total capital gain by selling the house property. It can be said from the above calculation that Freds total capital gain for the recent year would be $323500 as per discounted methodology and it would be $603662 as per the indexation methodology. Fred has to pay relatively lesser amount of tax on capital gain under discounted methodology, thus, he should consider this particular process for calculating the net capital gain. Net Capital Gain Consequences As per the regulations of Australian Taxation, total capital loss by selling any collectables is eligible for adjustment with the amount of capital gain from the collectables (Woellner et al. 2016). As per the case study, the antique vase is the collectable. Therefore, if the total capital loss of prior year might arise by selling the particular vase, then the amount is in adjustable to the total capital gain by selling the house property (Hines 2015). In this particular situation, the total capital gain of Fred is $333500. Fringe Tax Benefit Calculation As per the case study, the organization Periwinkle Pty. Ltd is considered as a company of Australia. Thus, this firm will not be permitted for tax benefits, given to smaller businesses. The specified firm has given various benefits to its staff named Emma, who is also supposed to be a resident of Australia. Therefore, the firm is permitted to provide benefits of Fringe tax. The consequences of FBT for such different benefits are as follows: Car Fringe Benefit Emma utilizes the car for both private and official purpose, thus, the car benefit should be involved as benefit of car fringe (Ato.gov.au 2016). Additionally, at the period of visiting foreign, Emma had parked her car at the airport instead of parking it in the location of the company. For annual maintenance, the particular car was kept in garage and not for unprepared repairing. Thus, the total numbers of days for which the car was kept unused should be involved for the calculation of FBT (Yagan 2015). The fringe benefit of the car for the firm has been calculated for Emma as per the statutory method. Calculation Of Car Fringe Benefit:- Particulars Details Total Kms. Travelled during the FBT year A 10000 No. of Days in the FBT year B 366 No. of Days of Travel C 336 Annualized Kilometers (A x B/C) 10892.857 Statutory Rate as per Annualized Km. E 20.00% Cost Base F $33,000 No. of Days obtainable for Private Use C 336 No. of days in FBT Year B 366 Total Taxable Value (FxExC)/B $6,059.02 FBT for Interest on Loan The interest that is provided on loan to the staff by the employer should be counted as the benefit for fringe tax (Dowd, McClelland and Muthitacharoen 2012). The loan interest is 4.45% that is lower than 5.95%, the benchmark interest of loan. Thus, FBT should be measured based on actual rate of interest (Ato.gov.au. 2016). The FBT for loan interest that is given to the staffs has been calculated as follows: Calculation of Interest on Loan for FBT:- Particulars Details Loan for Staff A $500,000 Benchmark Interest Rate B 5.95% Actual Rate of Interest C 4.45% Taxable Value Interest on Loan D = (AXC) $22,250 FBT for Rate of Special Discount The company is eligible for claiming for FBT for rate of special discount that is given to its staffs on its own goods. On the basis of 75% of the selling price (normal), the FBT should be measured (Bergstresser and Pontiff 2013). The calculations are as follows: Calculation of Special Discount for FBT:- Particulars Amount Market Price of Bathtub A 2600 Special Price for Staff B 1300 Taxable Value of Bathtub C=A x 75% 1950 Taxable Value of the Benefit C - B 650 FBT Calculation The car costs are comprehensive of GST, thus, all FBTs have been equalized by multiplying the value of FBT with gross increased rates (Engstrm et al. 2015). The rate of fringe tax benefit is 49% for general organizations. The FBT liability of the said firm is calculated as follows: Name of Taxpayer : Periwinkle Pty. Ltd. Type : Company Calculation of Fringe Benefit Tax for the period ending on 31st March,2016 GST Inclusive GST Free Particulars Amount Amount $ $ Benefit on car 6059.02 Loan Interest 22250 Sale at Special Rate 650 Total of GST Inclusive/Free Benefits 6059.02 22900 A B Gross-up Rate 2.1463 1.9608 C D Gross-up Value 13004.47 44902.32 E = A x C F=B X D Total amount of Taxable Fringe Benefit 57906.79 G = E + F Rate of Fringe Benefit Tax 49% J Fringe Benefit Tax Liability 28374.33 K = G x J Alternative Consequences Emma should purchase the stocks herself and should earn dividend from these. Then this would be permitted to pay tax on this income. Here, the total value of FBT and the liability of the staff would be comparatively lower based on the income amount that is earned by the staff from the loan amount (Slemrod 2013). Reference Ato.gov.au. 2016.How to calculate your FBT | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at:https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/how-to-calculate-your-fbt/ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. 2016.Loan and debt waiver fringe benefits | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8#8_8_Reduction_in_taxable_value_where_interest_would_have_been_deductible_to_employee [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Ato.gov.au. 2016.Property fringe benefits | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Property-fringe-benefits/?page=4#Goods_manufactured_or_produced_by_the_provider [Accessed 30 Aug. 2016]. Bergstresser, D. and Pontiff, J., 2013. Investment taxation and portfolio performance.Journal of Public Economics,97, pp.245-257. Bryan, J., 2012. Individual Income Tax Returns, 2010.Statistics of Income Bulletin,32, pp.5-78. Davidson, P. and Evans, R., 2015. Fuel on the fire: Negative gearing, capital gains tax housing affordability.ACOSS Papers, p.29. Dowd, T., McClelland, R. and Muthitacharoen, A., 2012. New evidence on the tax elasticity of capital gains.Unpublished Paper. June. Engstrm, P., Nordblom, K., Ohlsson, H. and Persson, A., 2015. Loss evasion and tax aversion.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,7, pp.132-164. Hines Jr, J.R., 2015. Taxing Sales of Depreciable Assets.Mich. Bus. Entrepreneurial L. Rev.,5, p.161. Kaldor, N., 2014.Expenditure tax. Routledge. Sikes, S.A., 2014. The turn-of-the-year effect and tax-loss-selling by institutional investors.Journal of Accounting and Economics,57(1), pp.22-42. Slemrod, J., 2013. Buenas notches: lines and notches in tax system design.eJournal of Tax Research,11(3), p.259. Wiseman, S.A., 2016. Property or Currency: The Tax Dilemma behind Bitcoin.Utah L. Rev., p.417. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Yagan, D., 2015. Capital tax reform and the real economy: The effects of the 2003 dividend tax cut.The American Economic Review,105(12), pp.3531-3563. Yinger, J., Bloom, H.S. and Boersch-Supan, A., 2016.Property taxes and house values: The theory and estimation of intrajurisdictional property tax capitalization. Elsevier.